Forms of Diabetes.
Insulin is a protein. Genes are responsible for the provision of instruction for the making of proteins within the cell. Diabetes occurs when there is mutation in these genes. The forms of Diabetes are;
Monogenic Diabetes
Polygenic Diabetes
Monogenic Diabetes.
This results from mutation in a single gene. Majority of the changes in genes decreases the body's ability to produce insulin. The major forms of monogenic diabetes are;
Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM)
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM).
It is an uncommon form of diabetes that occurs six to twelve months of birth. Insulin is not produced in babies with NDM. This results to high blood sugar. It is sometimes thought to be Type 1 Diabetes, but Type 1 Diabetes is seldom noticed prior to six months from birth. Diabetes detected six months from birth is always due to a genetic cause. NDM can be Permanent or Transient. Transient NDM vanishes during infancy, but might show up in the future.
The shortage of insulin results in the body producing Ketones. This can lead to a life threatening problem known as Diabetes Ketoacidosis.
Majority of fetuses with NDM have stunted growth compared to those of same age. This condition is known as intrauterine growth restriction. Infants that are born with this condition do not gain weight and grow fast like others of same age. Growth and development can be normalised by appropriate therapy.
Symptoms of NDM are; repapitation, dehydration, and frequent urination.
Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY).
This occurs in adolescents or in the early stages of adulthood. A number of gene mutation have been identified to cause MODY, all of which which inhibits the pancreas' ability to produce insulin. The characteristics of MODY is dependent on the type of gene mutation inherent in someone. Some gene mutation may result to high blood sugar which would be steady throughout a person's life with little or no signs of diabetes and no long term issues. While some mutation may require treatment with insulin or an oral medication.
High blood sugar overtime can cause damage to tissues of the body, specifically, the kidneys, blood vessels, eyes and nerves.
Symptoms of Monogenic Diabetes.
It can be diagnosed using genetic testing. It's advised to get a genetic test if;
Diabetes is discovered in children and young people, especially in individuals with a strong family history of the disease, who do not exhibit the traditional symptoms of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, such as obesity, the existence of autoantibodies related to diabetes, and other metabolic characteristics.
Particularly, obesity is absent, and a person exhibits consistent, mild fasting hyperglycemia.
In the first six months of life, diabetes is identified.
It occurs as a result of mutation in more than one gene. The commonest types of diabetes such as Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetesare polygenic.
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